Industrial Revolution Was A Significant - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1091 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/04/16 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Industrial Revolution Essay Did you like this example? The Industrial Revolution was a significant time of change. This is where many changes to the manufacturing processes took place that caused a lot of controversy. During the Industrial Revolution liberals were becoming more prevalent as more people were being treated worse as factory workers. A liberal during the Industrial Revolutions time were usually middle class. They were not rich, but they also were not considered as poor. They did not support the conditions that factory workers had to work in. They pushed for laws to be created so that factory workers can be treated equally. They also opposed other laws such as the Corn Laws. There were many influential people that were against the Industrialization, due to the unjust treatment of the factory workers. One of these significant figures was William Cobbett, a first-rate literary brawler and radical publicist (DR I, Page 44). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Industrial Revolution Was A Significant" essay for you Create order According to Documentary Reader I, Cobbet seen the Industrialization in England as very suspicious and this is what led him to resist against the Corn Laws and also join the fight with Englands middle classes to push for laws that will put an end to the rotten borough system that had long advantaged the rural, conservative south in English politics (DR I, Page 44). This example shows how the Industrialization period brought many controversies and how the middle class and others came together to uproot these processes. Being a factory worker during this period was not very pleasant. Many of the workers were young and were not treated in the best fashion. The factory workers would have to work extremely long hours with little to support their families. The factories were unhealthy and not safe as many injuries occurred. Cobbett expressed in his writings how he was ashamed of the conditions many of the workers had to endure. From his writings, Cobbett states, that he expressed deep shame of how the laboring people were being treated. Specifically in his writing, Cobbett expressed how Dogs and hogs and horses are treated with more civility (DR I, Page 48). This section of Cobbetts writings proved of the treatment that the factory workers had to go through. The parallels that Cobbett used to describe the treatment as saying that animals were treated better is a statement that best proves that the masters that owner these factories were callous, selfish, and only seen profit rather than respect. As mentioned before, there was a lot of debate over the Industrialization. The British Tory leader Michael Sadler launched an investigation of the conditions of the textile factories (DR I, Page 32). In his investigation, he spoke with some of the factory workers to get their insight and perspective of how it is in the life of a factory worker. Many of the factory workers started working at very young ages. Matthew Crabtree, an interviewer of Michael Sadler, expressed that he has been working in a factory since the age of 8 (DR I, Page 33). This revealed the practice of child labor within factories. He also revealed some touching insight of the factory stating there was not enough time in the mill for breakfast and that if you were late, you would be severely beaten. These statements not only shed light on the working conditions but also the abuse they had to accept for their wrongdoings. Shortly after these testimonies were published, the Parliamentary Act of 1833 was passed which limited the hours that women and children could work in the factory industry. Also stated in the DR I (Page 32), Other laws were enacted following the passing of this law. These laws eventually eliminated the employment of children in the mining and factories. Although Michael Sadlers Committees findings about child labor, there were some people that did not agree and went against the findings Michael Sadler published. A Scottish doctor and chemist, Andrew Ure, defended the factory system and disagreed that children were working within the factories. In his writings, Ure stated that masters of these factories would not abuse children. He also specified that when he would visit these factories, that the children seemed to be always cheerful and alert, taking pleasure in the light play of their muscles enjoying the mobility natural to their age (DR I, Page 39). This position on the factory conditions goes against the shocks that Michael Sadlers committee exposed to the world. According to Andrew Ure, child labor was not an issue or simply did not exist. With all of this information from both sides, Michael Sadlers Committee and Andrew Ure, both shed light on the physical and mental breakdown of the factory workers. With these accusations and revelations being exposed, this is why liberals pushed for these laws to be enacted so that child workers in the factories can live a better life and work in better conditions. With the publications of Michael Sadlers Committee writings, this created the Parliamentary Act of 1833. This act restricted the working day in textile mills to 12 hours for persons aged 13 through 17, and 8 hours for those aged 9 through 12 (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Michael Thomas Sadler). This did in fact make the conditions of the factories better for children. In conclusion, liberals had a significant impact on the changes that occurred during the Industrialization period. After the findings were exposed to the general public about child labor and the disastrous working conditions, many influential people worked to change these rules for the better. Some indicated that the reason Michael Sadlers Committee released the investigation information regarding factory conditions were to retaliate against Britains manufacturing that was emerging and to go against Britains push for free trade values (DR I, Page 32). Even though this might have been his agenda and plan, it did cause an uproar and created a new set of foundations that made it a little better for children working within the factories. Moreover, the Industrial Revolution did make a shift from a rural environment to an urban environment. This was a definite change for England. It was a good change for the rich but a cruel change for most. The changes that emerged included more factories that could support the many industries that need to produce their items. This caused many poor people to accept these dreadful jobs to support their own. They had to suffer and deal with the mistreatment of working under the unfair conditions. It was bad enough for adults to endure this treatment, but it was very different to hear that children also had to be workers. Even though this Industrialization created more, it seemly destroyed even more than it intended.

Contributions of Greek Civilization to Western Civilization

Alejandra Fraguada Ancient amp; Medieval Western Civilization Contributions of Greek Civilization to Western Civilization. Ancient Greeks made many influential contributions to western civilization such as in the areas of philosophy, art and architecture, math and science. These contributions, which are also the achievements of ancient Greece, include certain things in the areas of philosophy, art, architecture, math and science. The ancient Greeks were a remarkable civilization in that they have made all these contributions and achievements while simultaneously fighting two wars, the Peloponnesian wars and the Persian wars. Luckily for western civilization, Greece carried on through these hardships and managed to achieve one†¦show more content†¦A lot of famous play writers today are also inspired by the works of play writers from ancient Greece. Lastly, the most important areas of Greek achievement were math and science. They achieved all kinds of things in the areas of psychology, astronomy, geometry, biology, physics, and medicine. In astronomy they formulated the ideas that the sun was 300 times larger than the earth, the universe was composed of atoms, and they also calculated the true size of the earth. Someone that was greatly involved in astronomy was Aristotle. In geometry, ancient Greeks found the value of pi, and Euclid, who wrote the book Elements around 30 B.C., theorized that of two straight lines cut one another, the vertical, or opposite, angles shall be equal. In physics, the lever and pulley was invented along with a force pump which eventually evolved into a stream engine. Important people in this area were Archimedes and Pythagoras who were two of the many influential in the Greek citizens. Ancient Greece has definitely made many influential contributions to that of western civilizations. Bibliography Spielvogel, Jackson J.. Western civilization. 2nd ed. Minneapolis/St. Paul: West, 1994. Print. http://www.education.com/study-help/article/ancient-history-greek-civilization-macedonian-timeline/ http://www.leadershipclassics.org/AncientGreekCultureamp;Civilization.htmlShow MoreRelatedAncient Greek And Romes Impact On Western Literature1642 Words   |  7 Pages The impact greek and roman culture had on western civilization The ancient Greeks and Romans were two of the greatest civilizations of the ancient world. The two civilizations thrived in their ancient environments which eventually led to a large amount of wealth within these two cultures. It is because of this that these ancient cultures were able to make a variety of advancements in literature, architecture, art and many other fields. These two civilizations also produced some of the ancient world’sRead MoreHow Did Ancient Greece Influence Western Civilization1291 Words   |  6 PagesAncient Greek made many advances during their time in many subjects still used today. The ancient Greeks advances in these subjects, influenced and contributed to the Western civilization. The Western civilization’s culture and outlook on life was shaped by ancient Greek. Many things the ancient Greeks created were the basis for what we use today, including, architecture, art, dramas, math, science, and philosophy. The ancient Greeks have made many contributions to Western civilization in theRead MoreDbq: Ancient Greek Contributions1467 Words   |  6 PagesDBQ: ANCIENT GREEK CONTRIBUTIONS The Ancient Greek contribution ranged by the 1900-133 BC, however its influence on the Western Literate Society lasts to this day. As the Greeks expanded their empire, they spread their ideas to other countries, while also borrowing from other cultures. During this period of time, the Greeks made many significant and long-lasting contribution to our modern culture in Philosophy, Art, Democracy, Drama, Math, and Science. 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The study of the ancient civilizations has shown itself to me to be a new found interest as the journey of the course had lead me to see the magnificent accomplishments of mankind, and the possibilities of our potential; both in glory and darkness. In this reflection paper, I will look back upon the beginnings of our studies of the development of the early civilizations from the SumeriansRead MoreCultural, Economical, Religious, And Political Contributions847 Words   |  4 PagesCultural, economical, religious, and political contributions made by both Ancient Greece, 800 B.C - 500 B.C , and Ancient Rome, 31 BCE – 476 CE, assisted in the development of western culture. Albeit Rome embraced and developed some characteristics of Greek culture, they still made prominent contributions of their own. Rome and Greece contributed Christianity, Philosophy, The Republic, and Literature. At the time, Roman religion was centered on gods and the interpretation of why things were theRead MoreGreek Influence on Western Culture Essay806 Words   |  4 PagesWhat were the contributions to Western civilization from the ancient Greeks? The Greek civilization contributed greatly to the development of modern Western culture. Three of the most important contribution that are the foundations of our society are Language, Philosophy, and Government. The people of ancient Greece developed a sophisticated language with an extraordinarily rich vocabulary. It has existed for nearly 3,500 years, the longest of any language derived from early Indo-European.

Coke Vs. Pepsi Essay Example For Students

Coke Vs. Pepsi Essay Coke and Pepsi in Russia:In 1972, Pepsi signed an agreement with the Soviet Union which made it the first Western product to be sold to consumers in Russia. This was a landmark agreement and gave Pepsi the first-mover advantage. Presently, Pepsi has 23 plants in the former Soviet Union and is the leader in the soft-drink industry in Russia. Pepsi outsells Coca-Cola by 6 to 1 and is seen as a local brand. Also, Pepsi must counter trade its concentrate with Russias Stolichnaya vodka since rubles are not tradable on the world market. However, Pepsi has also had some problems. There has not been an increase in brand loyalty for Pepsi since its advertising blitz in Russia, even though it has produced commercials tailored to the Russian market and has sponsored television concerts. On the positive side, Pepsi may be leading Coca-Cola due to the big difference in price between the two colas. While Pepsi sells for Rb250 (25 cents), Coca-Cola sells for Rb450. For the economy size, Pepsi sells 2 liters for Rb1,300, but Coca-Cola sells 1.5 liters for Rb1,800. Coca-Cola, on the other hand, only moved into Russia 2 years ago and is manufactured locally in Moscow and St. Petersburg under a license. Despite investing $85 million in these two bottling plants, they do not perceive Coca-Cola as a premium brand in the Russian market. Moreover, they see it as a foreign brand in Russia. Lastly, while Coca-Colas bottle and label give it a high-class image, it is unable to capture market share. Coke and Pepsi in Poland:Poland, with a population of 38 million people, is the biggest consumer market in central and eastern Europe. Coca-Cola is closing in on Pepsis lead in this country with 1992 sales of 19.5 million cases versus Pepsis sales of 26.5 million cases. The main problems in this area are the centralized economy, the lack of modern production facilities, a non-convertible local currency, and poor distribution. However, since the zloty is now convertible, Coca-Cola realizes the growth potential in Poland. After Fiat, Coca-Cola is now the second biggest investor in Poland. Coca-Cola has developed an investment plan which includes direct investment and joint ventures/investments with European bottling partners. Its investments may exceed $250 million, and it has completed the infrastructure building. Coca-Cola has divided Poland into 8 regions with strategic sites in each of these areas. Moreover, it has organized a distribution network to make sure its products are wide ly available. This distribution network, which Coca-Cola has spent a lot of money organizing, is extremely important to challenge Pepsis market share and to maintain a high level of customer service. Also, Coca-Cola, like Pepsi, signed counter trade agreements with Poland. Both trade their concentrate for Polish beer. All of this has helped Coca-Cola to close in on Pepsis lead in Poland. Conclusion on Eastern Europe:Both Coca-Cola and Pepsi are trying to have their colas available in as many locations in Eastern Europe, but at a cost which consumers would be willing to pay. The concepts which are becoming more important in Eastern Europe include color, product attractiveness visibility, and display quality. In addition, availability (meeting local demand by increasing production locally), acceptability (building brand equity), and afford ability (pricing higher than local brands, but adapting to local conditions) are the key factors for Eastern Europe. Both companies hope that their western images and brand products will help to boost their sales. Coca-Cola has a universal message and campaign since it feels that Eastern Europe is part of the world and should not be treated differently. Currently, it is difficult to say who is winning the cola wars since the data from the relatively new market research firms focusses on major cities. Pepsi had a commanding 4 to 1 lea d in 1992 in the former Soviet Union. Without this area, Coca-Cola has a 17% share versus Pepsis 12% share in the soft drink industry. While both companies have been in Eastern Europe for many years, the main task now is to develop the market. Coca-Cola and Pepsi are in a dogfight, but both will end up as winners. In the end, the ultimate winner will be the Eastern Europeans who will have access to some of the worlds best soft drinks. Harriet Tubman EssayConclusion:The new battleground for the cola wars is in the developing markets of Eastern Europe (Russia, Romania, The Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland), Mexico, China, Saudi Arabia, and India. With Coca-Colas and Pepsis investments in these countries, not only will they increase their sales worldwide, but they will also help to build up these economies. These long-term commitments by both companies will raise the level of competition and efficiency, and at the same time, bring value to the distribution and production systems of these countries. Many issues need to be overcome before a company can begin to produce its goods in a foreign country. These issues include political, social, economic, operational, and environmental topics which must be addressed. When companies like Coca-Cola and Pepsi effectively analyze and solve these problems to everyones liking, new foreign markets can translate into lucrative opportunities in the long run. BibliographyWorks CitedA red line in the sand, Economist, October 1, 1994, p. 86. Chakravarty, Subrata N. How Pepsi broke into India, Forbes, November 27, 1989, pp. 43-44. Clifford, Mark. How Coke Excels, Far Eastern Economic Review, December 30, 1993- January 6, 1994, p. 39. Coke v Pepsi, The Economist, January 29, 1994, pp. 67-68. DeNitto, Emily. Pepsi, Coke think international for future growth, Advertising Age, October 3, 1994, p. 44. Murphy, Helen. Cola war erupts in Mexico, Corporate Finance, May 1993, pp. 6-7. Quelch, John A., Erich Joachimsthaler, and Jose Luis Nueno, After the Wall: Marketing Guidelines for Eastern Europe, Sloan Management Review, Winter 1991, pp. 82-93. Selling in Russia: The march on Moscow, The Economist, March 10, 1995, pp. 65-66. Stevens, Clifford. Soft drink wars: Pepsi vs Coke, Central European, July/August 1993, pp. 29-35. Winters, Patricia and Scott Hume. Pepsi, Coke: Art of deal-making, Advertising Age, February 19, 1990, p. 45. Economics Essays

Why College Sports should be Eliminated in College Essay Example Essay Example

Why College Sports should be Eliminated in College Essay Example Paper Why College Sports should be Eliminated in College Essay Introduction The image of college athletes has become heavily stereotyped. And more often than not, these stereotypes are presented through jokes especially in movies. We see college athletes (more commonly known as â€Å"jocks†) exhibits exceptional physical capabilities but below average intelligence. Even though these kind of jokes exist, people very rarely question why sports and college are so interconnected. College and sports appear to be inseparable twin brothers inside the psyche of the public. This paper recognizes the lack of skepticism in the relationship of college and sports. Sports should be eliminated in college and academic institutions should focus more on academics nonetheless. Setting up this argument is indeed a difficult task. Since the time of ancient learning, academics and sports find their way to intersect each other. If we would review history, Greek intellectuals and Greek sports (like in the early olympics) was just as popular as each other. However, the balanc e was somehow became lopsided over the centuries. Championships in college sports became the object of glory of universities. In the colleges of today, a high-scoring baller would have an exponentially larger admirers than a scholar who propose a new theory of the origin of the universe. This lopsidedness also adds to the reasons why the existence of sports in the academic community should be challenged. Why College Sports should be Eliminated in College Essay Body Paragraphs But of course, college sports is not all negative aspects. Actually, there are many strong positive points to college sports that made it indispensable in the academe: Good health and an active lifestyle is of course on the side of maintaining college, Winning championships of course will give pride to the students and the school gets a positive reputation, The virtues attributed to sports like sportsmanship, perseverance, determination, etc are of course good for building one’s character, Exceptional ballers gets the coveted chance to play on the professional level, The list go on and on. But what most people do not see in these items is that these things are not all positive. Moreover, it should be noted that these items are not and should not be the priority of a learning institution. College Sports as a Distraction to the Academics It is common in universities that they require their college athletes to maintain a certain grade point average. Failing to meet these requirem ents would often result to the prohibition for the college athlete to join the athletics team. That is with the thinking that the failing college athlete would focus more on his or her studies. This is what the public knows about the system. This arrange is like one big open secret in the world of college sports. Of course there are exceptional athletes but hopeless in their studies. Would coaches let their best players off the team just because of a failing grade point average? That is very unlikely and uncharacteristic of coaches. People would not think its impossible if â€Å"under the table† arrangements are practiced among coaches and teachers. However it may sound offensive, it is just not that convincing that every college athlete maintains the required grade point average, especially the top scorers for the time. One often overlooked issue is the time that college athletics require. And the large amount of time that college sports demand does not only apply to the stu dent, but also to the other constituents of the school like the cheerleaders, student audiences, even the teachers when their team is about to play a game. College athletes would have to practice a lot, or else their coaches would tell them that they would be unable to win a game. This kind of thinking would undeniably take away a considerable amount of time from the student athlete. And as we know of student life, the time spent in practicing could have been the very precious time spent reviewing a lesson. One of the most distracting cons of college sports would be injuries. If a player got physically injured in a game, his or her physical condition would not be a hundred percent in the classroom (that is if an injured player manages to walk to his or her classroom). A discussion on college athletics would perhaps give us a deeper look in the issue. The speakers were Bill Thierfelder and Murray Sperber. Both of the speakers were college athletes, coaches, and currently educators th emselves. Thierfelder had come up with a helpful description of college athletics as a distraction to academics. He described college athletics as an â€Å"artificial environment† (Schalin 2008). He added that within this â€Å"artificial environment† either good or bad could be inculcated in the minds of the college athletes, depending on the the character of who is directing that particular environment. The directors of the said environment would be of course the coaches, the athletic department, administrators, and even teachers. The issue that was surfaced in Thierfelder’s view is that most of the time, the directors of the said environment are fixated on the thought of winning. These directors are like to go by all means to achieve victory, regardless of its ethical repercussions or the well-being of the college students. Thierfelder added that the directors should be held accountable for the consequences of their methods just as they are savoring the glory of winning with those who actually participate in sports, the student players. On the other hand, in line with Thierfelder, Sperber argued that college sports has detached from its former purity and integrity. He argued that college sports is becoming more and more corrupted and commercialized in the present era. To support his point, he used the first intercollegiate contest to be ever held. The said contest was a rowing contest between Harvard and Yale during the 1830’s. Sperber pointed out that the early intercollegiate sports were not designed to advertise branded shoes. The interesting part is when he shared that corruption in college athletic was ever present since it was originated. Sperber said that there were â€Å"ringers† in both teams. The term â€Å"ringer† simply means a good athlete who has no direct connection to the schools. The ringers were not students but rather some good player they asked to play for them. In much simpler terms Sperber just wanted to say that cheating was already present ever since the first intercollegiate games was played. Ethical Issues Ethical issues were already touched by the previous segment, but this particular part of the paper will throw the harder punches. As stated earlier commercialization had became a blemish in the image of college sports. Dishonesty is also becoming more and more prevalent. The main problem is that these issues are rarely addressed. Cheating is also becoming more and more inseparable with the mention of college sports. There have been many instances wherein point-shaving of college players were committed. â€Å"Point-shaving† is a term used in the sports community to pertain to the act when players consciously underperform to make the opponent win the game. These kinds of games are known to sport enthusiasts â€Å"fixed-games.† The NABC or National Association of Basketball Coaches admits that game fixing is becoming prevalent in college basketball games. The NABC points the blame to the gambling market that the popularity of college basketball creates (NABC). The number of students who bet on games is ever considerable and still growing. The number of student â€Å"bookies† is also gaining numbers. â€Å"Bookies† are the ones who collects the bets from the gamblers who are usually the constituents of those concerned with the games, who else but the constituents of the universities themselves. Being a bookie is an ethically alarming job, especially for the students. Students should realize that their minds and character are being reared in the university. If gambling would become more and more of a problem, then immediate action is deemed necessary. Another issue that should be taken into consideration is the violence during college games. Both the college players and the fans had become entangled in the reports of violence in college sports. Even the coaches are sometimes initiator of the riots. In Myriam Miedzianâ₠¬â„¢s book â€Å"Boys Will Be Boys: Breaking the Link between Masculinity and Violence†, she tackled this issue of college sports violence. She attributed the violent actions of college players to the thinking that was embedded in their heads (Miedzian 77). College players are taught (mostly by being shouted at) to think that winning is everything and losing is never an option. When college players accept this thinking as the only way to view reality, when they lose a game, they also seem to lose their temper. Moreover , some sports would always require physical contact. Sometimes a player gets hurt, but that’s normal. The problem that arises is when the hurt player takes it as a personal offense or when the players are intentionally hurting each other. The violent behavior is at times not done by the players but by the fans on the stands. And there are times when college sports violence escalate to a more alarming rate. Just this January, a UCLA basketball player name d Kevin Love of Oregon received death threats through his cell phone. The death threat indicated killing the basketball player along with his family. But the violence did not stop there. Love did not attend the game because of the threats to him, instead his family watched the game. Dissapointed, Love’s own fans threw thrash at the player’s parents and sister. (sportsillustrated.com) Controversies NCAA players are not being paid and does not recieve any sort of payment has always been a circulating argument in college basketball. The NCAA argues that scholarship is enough compensation (ncaa.org). The problem with this is that the NCAA and the university profit from the college players through advertising. Murray Sperber also revealed that at a state university a certain basketball coach recieved two-hundred gran as a reward for recruiting a freshmen who was creating a buzz in high-school basketball. Conclusion College and sports are two very different entities, therefo re should be separated. Both means well for the students. But purpose should always be kept in mind. Universities exist to mold the minds of future leaders. If these futures leaders would busy themselves excelling in sports, or gambling in sports, we could just imagine the future this might bring. The main source of the problem could just be over-prioritizing. Learning institutions should set clear lines to contain the issue. As for the problems with college sports laid out in this paper, we are already aware of these things. The problem is that these issues are rarely addressed. College sports is entering an era wherein glory is achieved in ill methods. Those concerned should learn how to act upon these issues as quick as possible. We will write a custom essay sample on Why College Sports should be Eliminated in College Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why College Sports should be Eliminated in College Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why College Sports should be Eliminated in College Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Export Promotion Council Essay Example

Export Promotion Council Essay aExport Promotion Council: the govt. has sponsored a no. of orgn which are specialized in a particular pdt or a grp of pdts amp; their main obj is to promote amp; strengthen exports of such pdt or grp of pdts. They are mainly concern with the problems with their export amp; implementation of export policy in this regard. The imp among them are the EPC’s amp; commodity board. With a view to securing active cooperation of growers, producers amp; exporters in the drive for export promotion, a no of export promotion council has been set up as a non-profit org’s under the Companies Act. All the exporters of pdts coming under the council are entitled to become the members of the council if they wish to claim export incentive amp; assistance provided by the council as per govt policy in force. The govt provides grants under various heads of these councils. Members are charged an annual subscription fee for the service rendered by the council. The members of the council elect a working committee when it elects its chairman amp; other office bearer. All problems amp; policies relating to the exports of the pdts coming under the council are discussed by the working committee amp; the necessary action taken. We will write a custom essay sample on Export Promotion Council specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Export Promotion Council specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Export Promotion Council specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The govt also appoints senior officials to act on working committee amp; guide its deliberations. (i) to assist exporter, (ii) export promotional activities, (iii) delegations of foreign countries, (iv) effective liaison, (v) presenting necessary data to the govt, (vi) foreign offices to help exporters. Thus, the EPC looks after the problems of exports in specific commodities amp; advice the govt, the local authorities amp; public bodies on the policies to be pursued and the steps to be taken to expand the export activities. Economic Integration:  refers to trade unification between different states by the partial or full abolishing of customs tariffs on trade taking place within the borders of each state. This is meant in turn to lead to lower prices for distributors and consumers (as no customs duties are paid within the integrated area) and the goal is to increase trade. The trade stimulation effects intended by means of economic integration are part of the contemporary economic  Theory of the Second Best: where, in theory, the best option is  free trade, with  free competition  and no  trade barriers  whatsoever. Free trade is treated as an idealistic option, and although realized within certain developed states, economic integration has been thought of as the second best option for global trade where barriers to full free trade exist. An increase of  welfare  has been recognized as a main objective of economic integration. The increase of trade between member states of economic unions is meant to lead to the increase of the GDP of its members, and hence, to better welfare a goal of any state around the world. This is one of the reasons for the global scale development of economic integration, a phenomenon now realized in continental (ASEAN, the  North American Free Trade Agreement  (NAFTA),  SACN,  European Union  (EU),  Eurasian Economic Community  (EurAsEC) and proposed for intercontinental (Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia  (CEPEA),  Transatlantic Free Trade Area  (TAFTA))  economic blocks. The other objective for the states pursuing economic integration is to stay/become regionally and globally competitive, as the goods in the states outside economic blocks become more expensive (i. . , less competitive). This is the other reason making global economic integration inevitable. FORMS OF INTEGRATION: These differ in the degree of unification of economic policies, with the highest one being the political union of the states. (i) FTA (free trade area) : is formed when at least two states partially or fully abolish custom tariffs on their inner border. To exclude regional exploitation of zero tariffs within the FTA there is a rule of  certificate of origin  for the goods originating from the territory of a member state of an FTA. ii) Customs union: A  customs union  is a type of  trade bloc  which is composed of a  free trade area  with a  common external tariff. The participant countries set up common  external trade  policy, but in some cases they use different import  quotas. Common  competition policy  is also helpful to avoid  competition  deficiency. Purposes for establishing a customs union normally include increasing  economic efficiency  and establishing closer political and cultural ties between the member countries . It is the third stage of  economic integration. Customs union is established through  trade pact. In a customs union, all trade barriers between the member nations are removed like a free trade area. But unlike a free trade area, the member nations of a customs union follow a common external trade policy with regards to the non member nations. For example, the Andean Pact, which came into existence in 1969 and currently consist of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, could be treated as an example of customs union. The group has tried to remove all the intra trade barriers and has imposed a common tariff of 5 to 20 % on products imported from non member nations. (iii) Common Market: is a step ahead of customs union as far as integration of economies is concerned. In a common market, all the trade barriers between member nations are removed; the member nations follow a common external trade policy with regards to the non member nations; and a free flow of factors of production – labour and capital, is allowed within the common market area. One of the successful examples of common market is the European Union. (i) Economic Union: An  economic union  is a type of  trade bloc  which is composed of a  common market  with a  customs union. The participant countries have both common policies on product regulation,  freedom of movement  of  goods,  services  and the  factors of production  (capital  and  labour) and a common  external trade  policy. Purposes for establishing a economic union normally include increasing  economic efficiency  and establishing closer political and cultural ties between the member countries. Economic union is established through  trade pact. (ii) Political Union : A political union goes beyond the total economic integration of the member nations. In it, all the economic policies of the member nations are unified or are in harmonization with each other under a single government , The EU is on the path of political union as it has come out with a European Parliament, the European Council, the Council of Minister, the European commission and the European Court of Justice

Without Seeing The Dawn essays

Without Seeing The Dawn essays The story starts by describing the main character, Carding. At age eighteen, he had been fully grown as a very strong man. As the only son of Juan Suerte, he helps his father plow the land that they are tending to form their landlord Don Diego. As they lived in one of the suburbs of Iloilo, a barrio named Manhayang in the town of Santa Barbara. They lived a simple life, pasture the carabao and plow the land. Carding as a young lad usually goes out to the river and the field with his cousin Gondong along with their friends Polo, Ruben, Poncing, Isko and Intong. During that old times, the sons are the ones who help their fathers toil the land because farming is their main source of income. While the women stays at home doing household chores along with their daughters. Carding is a favored suitor of Lucia aka Lucing. Lucing is the beautiful daughter of Teniente Paul, the barangay chief of Manhayang. Lucia holds the beauty title as Ms. Barangay Fiesta. Many young men admire s Lucia, but Carding won her heart. One night, Carding talked to his father about getting married. At first his father disagreed because Tatay Juan, wants Carding to finish his studies. But since Carding changed his mind, Tata Juan supported his decision. He wants to marry Lucia, so they planned to ask for Lucias hand with the help of other advocates, Manong Marcelo the school teacher and Inday Picat the fat old maid who were once a school teacher also. So one night they went to Teniente Pauls house so as to discuss about the wedding. At first Teniente Paul is hesitant to decide. If he is going to let Lucia marry Carding or not. But since Tatay Juan and Carding are willing to agree in the terms and condition of Teniente Paul, the wedding will push through. If Teneinte Paul doesnt allow Lucia to marry him, he will carry away Lucia just to prove his unconditional love. The agreement was, Carding will build a house seven meteres ...

SQL Injection Vulnerabilities Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

SQL Injection Vulnerabilities - Research Paper Example Exploiting SQL injection vulnerabilities enables an attacker to persistently foist dynamic and storage page content generation that would include malicious code in the attacked site. The visitors to the site may thus be redirected to malicious sites. The SQL injection attack vectors are represented by data passed to the vulnerable web application from the user and which is processed by supporting database. Practically, the most common SQL injection attack vectors arise from the data transmitted through HTTP POST and HTTP GET. Other attack vectors are HTTP User-Agent, HTTP cookie data, and Referer header values. The exploitation of some SQL injection vulnerabilities can be effected through the authentication of unprivileged user accounts, all of which depends on where the application fails in the sanitization of the input. This means that the sites that readily and easily allow the users to create new accounts hold additional risks. The automatic detection of the vulnerabilities of th e SQL injections depends on the heuristics of the behavior of the target application in responding to the specially crafted queries. The techniques involved in the detection heuristics are classified into three categories. The Boolean-based blind SQL injection which includes the supply of multiple valid statements that bears evaluation to true or false in the affected area at the request of HTTP. Through the comparison of the response page between both situations, the success of the injection can be inferred by the tool.